067-Front-Back-5x8-Paperback-Book-COVERVAULT
published 
DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.25098/1.1.113

Issue 
Vol 1- Issue 1

June 2017

 

Section
Accounting

MASOUD ALI KHALID1, HAWZHEN KHASRW AHMAD2

1 Department of Accounting by IT,  College of  Administrative and Financial science , Cihan University- Sulaimani,  Kurdistan Region Government , Iraq.

2  Department of Economics,  College of Administration and Economics, University of Sulaimany,  Kurdistan Region Government, Iraq.

Received :  7-1-2017           Revised:  24-1-2017

Accepted : 26-1-2017        Published :  30th June 2017

 

 


Abstract

This paper studies the relationship between trade openness and output growth for Singapore,   using ARDL model. The findings for ARDL model of this study provide empirical evidence and indicating that higher revealed trade openness is the main engine explaining the Singapore economic-growth. In particular, our investigation finds that long run relationship among the variables such as capital formation; exports, imports and international trade have positive impact on economic growth. Furthermore, the results for Granger causality test indicates that there is a unidirectional relationship running from GDP per capita to trade (Export + Import). This is shows that GDP is very important to the trade sector in Singapore.

 

Keywords: Economic growth, Trade, ARDL model and Singapore.

الملخص

هذه الورقة تدرس العلاقة بين الانفتاح التجاري ونمو الناتج لسنغافوري، وذلك باستخدام نموذج ARDL، حيث وفر لنا هذا النموذج الأدلة التجريبية مشيرا إلى أن أعلى كشف للانفتاح التجاري وهو المحرك الرئيسي لشرح النمو الاقتصادي السنغافوري. على وجه الخصوص، خلص تحقيقنا أن العلاقة للمدى الطويل بين المتغيرات مثل تكوين رأس المال والصادرات والواردات والتجارة الدولية لها تأثير إيجابي على النمو الاقتصادي. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن نتائج جرانجر لأختبار السببية اشارت إلى أن هناك علاقة وحيدة الاتجاه تنحدر من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للفرد الواحد للتجارة (تصدير +

الواردات). هذا يدل على أن الناتج المحلي مهم جدا لقطاع التجارة في سنغافواررة.

 

پوخته‌
ئه‌م لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌یه‌ هه‌ڵسه‌نگاندنێكه‌ بۆ په‌یوه‌ندى نێوان بازرگانى كراوه‌و گه‌شه‌ى ئابوورى له‌ وڵاتى سه‌نگاپۆره‌ به‌به‌ركارهێنانى مۆدێلى ئه‌ى ئار دی ئیڵ مۆدێل، به‌پێ ى ئه‌م لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌یه‌ ئه‌وه‌مان بۆ ده‌رده‌كه‌وێت كه‌ بازرگانى كراوه‌ به‌ یه‌كێك له‌ هه‌ره‌گرنگترین فاكته‌ره‌كانى گه‌شه‌ ئابوورى داده‌نریتَ له‌وڵاتى سه‌نگاپووره‌ به‌تایبه‌تى هاورده‌ و نارده‌نى نێه‌ده‌وڵه‌تى ده‌ورێكى پۆزه‌تیڤ ده‌بینن له‌م ڕووه‌وه‌ . وه‌هه‌روه‌ها مۆدێلێكى ترى گرنگى ستاتیستیكمان به‌كار هیناوه‌ بۆ لێكۆلێنه‌وه‌كه‌مان كه‌بریتیته‌ له‌ گرنجه‌ كاژواڵیتى و له‌ئه‌نجامدا ئه‌وه‌مان به‌ده‌ستهێناوه‌ كه‌ هاورده‌ و نارده‌نى پێكهێنه‌رێكى سه‌ره‌ركى بارزگانى نێوده‌وڵه‌تین و له‌ئه‌نجامیشدا بوونه‌ته‌هۆى گشه‌ى ئابورى و به‌رزبوونه‌وه‌ى جى دی پى له‌ وڵاتى سه‌نگاپووره‌.

 

 

References

 

Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen. “How stable is M2 money demand function in Japan?.” Japan and the World Economy 13.4 (2001): 455-461.

 

Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and RC Wing Ng. “Long-run demand for money in Hong Kong: an application of the ARDL model.” International journal of business and economics 1.2 (2002): 147-155.

 

Coe D.T. and E. Helpman (1995), International R&D spillovers, NBER Working Paper,

No. 4444.

 

Cai, K. (2001). Is a free trade zone emerging in northeast Asia in the wake of the Asian financial crisis? Pacific Affairs, 74(1), 7–24.

De La Dehesa, G. (2007). What Do We Know About Globalization?: Issues of Poverty and Income Distribution Blackwell Publishing

 

Dollar D. (1992), Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly:

Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985, Economic Development and Cultural Change,

1992 (40) 523-544.

Engle, R. F., Granger, C. W., & Hallman, J. J. (1989).Merging short-and long-run forecasts: An application of seasonal cointegration to monthly electricity sales forecasting.Journal of econometrics, 40(1), 45-62.

Feng Y. (2007), Productivity growth in Chinese economy and industries, Recent

Development in the Chinese Economy, NOVA Science Publishers, Inc., 83-134.

Frankel J.A. and D. Romer (1999), Does trade cause growth?,American Economic

Review, 89(3), 379-399.

Hassan, M.S. and R. Kalim, 2012. Military expenditure and poverty in Pakistan: A Complex Phenomenon.

Kavoussi R.M. (1984), Export expansion and economic growth, Development

Economics, 14(1), 241-250.

Keller W. (2001), Knowledge spillovers at the world technology frontier, NBER

Working Paper, 8150, 2001.

 

Keller, W. (2002).Trade and the transmission of technology. Journal of Economic Growth, 7, 5–24.

Krammer, S. (2010). International R&D spillovers in emerging markets: The impact of trade and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 19(4), 591–623.

Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia’s miracle.Foreign Affairs November/December.

Kuroda, H. (2006). The role of regional cooperation and integration: Toward an integrated poverty-free and peaceful East Asia. http://www.adb.org/Documents/

Kraay A. (1999), Exports and economic performance: Evidence from a panel of

Chinese enterprises, Revue d’ Economique du Developpement, 1999 (1-2),183-207.

 

Lee J.W. (1995), Capital goods import and long-run growth, Development Economics,

48(1), 91-110.

 

Maizels A. (1963), Industrial growth and World Trade, Cambridge University Press.

 

Mintz, A., & Huang, C. (1990). Defense Expenditures, Economic Growth, and The” Peace Dividend”. The American Political Science Review, 84(4) 1283-1293.

 

Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., 2005. Higher education, real income and real investment in China: evidence from Granger causality tests. Education Economics 14, 107–125.

 

Peng, D. (2002). Invisible linkages: A regional perspective of East Asian political economy. International Studies Quarterly, 46(3), 423–447.

Sachs J.D. and A. Warner. (1995), Economic reform and process of global integration,

Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 26(1), 1-118.

 

Shahbaz, Muhammad, Saleheen Khan, and Mohammad IqbalTahir. “The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis.” Energy economics 40 (2013): 8-21.

 

Stubbs, R. (2002). ASEAN plus three: Emerging East Asian regionalism? Asian Survey, 42(3), 440–455.

Tang, S. (2000). Economic integration in Central Asia: The Russian and Chinese relationship. Asian Survey, 40(2), 360–376

 

Wagner J. (2007), Exports and productivity: A survey of the evidence from firm level

data, The World Economy, 30(1), 60-82.

 

Wu, H.-L., & Chen, C.-H. (2004). The prospects for regional economic integration between China and the five central Asian countries. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(7),1059–1080.

Young, A. (1995). The tyranny of numbers: Confronting the statistical realities of the east Asian growth experience. Quarterly Journal of Economics.

 

 

.